Investing Classroom: Funds and net asset value
Funds lesson 1.2: Fund NAVS are similar to those of stocks, but there are several important differences to be aware of
Calculating the NAV
A fund calculates its NAV by adding up the current value of all the
stocks, bonds, and other securities (including cash) in its portfolio,
subtracting the manager's salary and other operating expenses, and then
dividing that figure by the fund's total number of shares. For example,
a fund with 500,000 shares that owns £9 million in stocks and £1 million
in cash has an NAV of £20.
So alike, but so very different
NAVs and stock prices differ in five important ways.
Difference one: Stock prices change throughout the trading day, but fund NAVs are calculated only once each day, based on the value of their stocks or bonds at the time the market closes. When you purchase a fund, you buy shares at the NAV as of that day's close. As a result, you don't necessarily know the exact NAV of the fund at the time you put in your order to buy or sell. If you place an order early in a given day, you're likely to get that day's closing price for the fund. If you make your order later in the day or after trading has ended, you'll get the following day's closing price.
Difference two: Stock investors typically specify how many shares they'd like to buy, and buy shares of a given stock in even lots, such as 50 shares of Vodafone or 100 shares of Rio Tinto. By contrast, most fund investors purchase funds in pound sterling amounts rather than share amounts. As we noted in the first lesson, fund companies willingly issue fractional shares. For example, if you have £1,250 that you'd like to put into a fund with an NAV of £14, you'll get exactly 89.286 shares.
Difference three: Stocks have a fixed number of shares available. To change its number of shares, a company can either issue new shares or buy back its own shares in the market. By contrast, funds generally have an unlimited number of shares, and the number changes on a daily basis, depending on how many shares investors buy and sell that day.
Difference four: You can determine whether a stock is a bargain or not by its current price relative to a "fair value" price, based on such information as earnings estimates or cash flows. (This process is known as "valuing" a stock.) With funds, however, NAV is tied to the current value of the fund's underlying holdings. Calculating a fair price for an entire fund's portfolio, while theoretically possible, would be a cumbersome process, particularly when you consider that many funds hold well over 100 stocks or bonds.
Difference five: You can often use changes in a stock's price to gauge how well a stock is performing. Funds, however, distribute any income or capital gains they realise to shareholders as dividends, which, in turn, causes their NAVs to fluctuate. Unless you account for such distributions, you could be underestimating a fund's actual performance by looking solely at its NAV. To accurately gauge a fund's performance, you need to examine its total return, which takes into account both the appreciation of the fund's holdings as well as any distributions the fund has paid out. (We'll explore this topic in our next lesson.)
Uses of NAV
After learning a bit more about NAVs, you may be thinking, "What on
Earth can I use NAV for?" Well, NAVs do provide you with some idea of
what your investment is worth each day. And because funds calculate
daily NAVs, investors can buy and sell each day. Daily access to NAVs
also reassures you that your investment is being watched over, valued,
and reported on.
